Despite its obvious relevance, joint actions in the human performance domain of team sports has not received the same amount of empirical attention. Recently, this approach has been implemented to understand how interacting individuals coordinate their movements by detecting sensory information like the visual movement of others (see – as examples). This sociobiological perspective can help explain various social-psychological phenomena such as the organization of labor by workers in a factory, how a traffic jam arises or the interpersonal rhythmic movements characterizing human activities like dancing or marching together. Human groups can also be considered as swarming superorganisms when individuals cooperate and coordinate their actions together to achieve common collective goals. For instance, the labor of thousands of bees in a colony is collectively coordinated so that surrounding areas are surveyed most efficiently for food sources of nectar and pollen. Observations of such superorganismic systems have revealed some advantages of swarming behaviors to achieve group goals, such as when feeding and maintaining member security. Such observations have broader implications for training design involving manipulations of numerical relations between interacting members of social collectives.Ĭollective organizational principles underlying emergence of functional behaviors have been identified in many groups of biological organisms (e.g., flocks of birds, wolf packs, ant colonies). Data revealed emergence of co-adaptive behaviors between interacting neurobiological social system agents in the context of sport performance. We also observed how skill level impacted individual and team coordination tendencies. Results showed that creation of numerical asymmetries during training constrained agents' individual dominant regions, the underloaded teams' compactness and each team's relative position on-field, as well as distances between specific team sectors. Typical grouping tendencies in sports teams (major ranges, stretch indices, distances of team centers to goals and distances between the teams' opposing line-forces in specific team sectors) were recorded by plotting positional coordinates of individual agents through continuous GPS tracking. Groups of association football players (national – NLP and regional-level – RLP) participated in small-sided and conditioned games in which numerical relations between system agents were manipulated (5v5, 5v4 and 5v3). Here we evaluated effects of different numerical relations differentiated by agent skill level, examining emergent inter-individual, intra- and inter-team coordination. Such performance principles are assimilated by system agents through manipulation of numerical relations between teams during training in order to create artificially asymmetrical performance contexts to simulate overloaded and underloaded situations. A major principle of invasion team sports assumed to promote effective performance is to outnumber the opposition (creation of numerical overloads) during different performance phases (attack and defense) in spatial regions adjacent to the ball. Swarming is seen as the result of agent co-adaptation to ecological constraints of performance environments by collectively perceiving specific possibilities for action (affordances for self and shared affordances). Similar to other complex systems in nature (e.g., a hunting pack, flocks of birds), sports teams have been modeled as social neurobiological systems in which interpersonal coordination tendencies of agents underpin team swarming behaviors.
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